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讲座4
11. communicate
1) 联络,通信;交换(看法)vi.
to communicate with sb. by…
Now we often communicate with each other by e-mail.
Deaf people ～ by sign language.
扩展记忆:
2)告知;传达(意见,感受) vt.
Generally speaking, teachers are able to communicate their ideas to their students clearly.
一般来说教师能把自己的意思向他们的学生表达清楚.
The government has communicated the information to the islanders.
communication n. 通信;联络;传送(消息,感情)
Communication with other countries is now getting easier. 与各国的通讯现在很容易.
digital communication
数字通信系统
one-way communication
单向通信
on-line communication
联机通讯
communications satellite
通信卫星
12. exchange vt. / n.
交换,互换
exchange with sb.
exchange sth. for sth.
May I exchange seats with you 我和你调一个座位好吗
He exchanged the apple for a cake.
他给我一个苹果,换一块蛋糕.
=He gave me an apple in exchange for a cake.
exchange dollars for francs
把美金换成法郎;
Let's have an exchange of views on the matter.
我们对这件事交换一下意见吧.
13. service n.
1) something done to help
Do you need the services of a doctor (诊治)
The parents thanked the nurse for her service to their sick child. (服务)
free medical service(care)
offer sb. one's services
2) [C] an organization that provides sth for the public or does a particular job 指服务机构,公用事业
There is a bus service between the two cities. (有公共汽车相通)
The job of a Fire Service is to put out fires.
the telephone service
the postal service
China Travel Service
扩展记忆:
3) 对……有帮助(可加不定冠词)
be of (some, much, little, no … ) service to sb.: be of use to ; be helpful / useful to sb.
Can I be of any service to you
I'm sorry I can't be of any further service to you.
随时)为(某人)服务
be at one's service
I am always ready at your service.
扩展记忆:
5) serve vt. / vi. (do useful work for sb.)
You should serve your country well.
We should serve the people heart and soul.
Is there anyone to serve you
First come, first served.
vt. (give people food, drink and etc.)
We serve all kinds of food to people here.
→We serve the people here with all kinds of food
vi. (be a soldier or worker in a government)
He has served in the army for three years.
→ He has been a soldier for three years.
→ He joined the army three years ago.
6) serve as…充当…(work as…)
He served in this company as a manager for five years.
The sofa serves as a bed.
14. command n.
命令; 支配,指挥;
under one's command
The army is under the king's command.
军队由国王直接统率.
运用能力;掌握
has a good command/ knowledge of
She has a good command of the French language. 她精通法语.
command vt. 命令, 指挥, 克制
command sb. to do sth.
→order sb. to do sth.
n. commander 指挥官
15. stand 台,架,看台
music stand
fruit stand,
a newspaper stand
an open stand
16. stay up
1) 不睡觉
We stayed up until midnight talking about our work.
I stayed up reading the whole night.
2) 挺住, 留着
This old house is very strong. It even stayed up after the earthquake.
Your notice can stay up for a week, but I'm afraid, it'll have to come down to make room for others.
17. come about 发生,产生
How did this dangerous situation come about
Can you explain how it came about that you were an hour late
扩展记忆:
What is happening there
What's going on there
18. independent
independence
1) dependent adj.
It's nice not to be dependent on them.
dependence n.
John wished to find a job so that he could end his dependence on his uncle.
扩展记忆
注意:
different difference
patient patience
confident confidence
important importance
incomplete
infamous illogical
immobile illegal
impossible irregular
impatient
2) depend vi.
depend on 依靠; 指靠; 得靠
Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
The young man depends on his pen for a living.
(=He makes a living by writing.)
Whether he can go or not depends on his parents' wishes.
扩展记忆:
短语:
it all depends / that depends
这很难说, 这得看情况
Sometimes we are very busy and sometimes we are not. It all depends, you see.
19. end up 最后(有某种结局), 最后(成了)
If you go on driving like that, you'll end up in hospital (prison).
How does the story end (up)
His brother ended up (as) head of the firm.
end (up) with 以…结束
We started with soup, and ended (up) with fruit and tea.
The party ended up with the singing of a happy song.
He ended his letter with good wishes to the family.
在信尾他祝全家好.
All is well that ends well. (Proverb)
扩展记忆:
end in 以…告终, 结果, 以…结尾, 末端是
Their plan ended in failure.
The meeting ended in a fight.
end n.
Don't worry; there will be an end to your troubles one day.
come to an end
bring sth to an end结束
in the end 最后, 结果
make (both)ends meet 使收支相抵
put an end to sth 结束 (不好的事) , 制止
to the end 到底 (fight to the end)
endless adj.
endlessly adv.
20. bring in
1) 引进;吸收
Tomatoes were brought in from other countries many years ago.
Our basketball team brought in two famous players from Europe.
2)获利;赚
The boys bring in ￡60 a week.
The sale brought us in over $1000.
那笔买卖使我们赚了一千多美元.
扩展记忆:
3) 扯进来
Why bring my mother in She had nothing to do with this.
21. compare
1) 比较;对照
compare A with/to B
将一物与另一物比较
和…比起来
Compared with the model translation , yours is not so good.
Compare this with that and you will see which is better.
比较:Comparing this with that, we can see/I think which is better.
Compared to many women, she was indeed (really) very fortunate.
Compared with what I have already had, the new stamp was not interesting at all.
Comparing with what I have already had, I think the new stamp is not interesting at all.
It was a small place then , compared to what it is now.
2) 比作;比喻(显出相同之处)
compare … to …
把…比作…,说…像…
Man's life is often compared to a candle. 人生常被喻为蜡烛.
Scientists sometimes compare the human brain to a computer. 科学家有时将人脑比作电脑.
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
扩展记忆:
3) vi.(常与with连用) 与…比较;比得上; 能和…相比,和…比起来
Does his latest book compare with his first
How does your new house compare with your old one
can compare with/ can be compared with 能和…相比
Walking can't compare with flying. 走路比不上飞行.
Living in a town can't compare with living in the country in many ways.
在许多方面, 城市生活比不上在乡村生活.
22. replace 取代;代替
replace sb. as…
George replaced Edward as captain. 乔治接任爱德华当队长.
The new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960.
巴西利亚这座新城市于1960年取代了里约热内卢成了巴西的首都 .
23. It is / was … that / who …
I saw John in the street yesterday.
A B C D
It's I who / that saw John in the street yesterday.
It's John that/ whom/who I saw in the street yesterday.
It's in the street that (不能用where) I saw John yesterday.
It's yesterday that (不能用when) I saw John in the street.
24. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of Englisjh.
With +宾语+其它
The man likes sleeping with the windows open/closed.
He went to sleep with lights on.
He lay on the ground with his eyes looking at the sky.
He left with his work half done.
25. have some difficulty/trouble in doing sth.
直接引语和间接引语
概念
技巧
1.变人称
口诀:一随主语二随宾,第三人称不更新.
一随主语 从句主语是第一人称或由第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称应按照主句中主语的人称变化.如:
He said, "I would go to see the film with you. "
→He said that he would go to see the film with me. →
She said, "My brother wants to go with me."
→She said her wanted to go with her.
二随宾语 从句中的主语以及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人称所修饰,从句中的人称要与引号外的主句宾语相一致.如:
He said to Kate, "How is your mother now "
→He asked Kate how her mother was then.
第三人称不更新 从句中的主语以及宾语是第三人称,或由第三人称修饰,从句中的人称一般不必作变化.如:
Our president said, "She is a good teacher."
→Our president said (that) she was a good teacher.
2.变时态
通常主句谓语动词为现在时态时,从句谓语动词不需改变.主句谓语动词为一般过去时,则从句中动词时态应变为相应的过去某种时态.
She said, "We hope so."
She said (that) they hoped so.
He said , " I have seen the film."
He said that he had seen the film.
但要注意以下的情况,时态不作变化:
直接引语是自然界客观存在的真理.
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth." The teacher told me.
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
直接引语中有具体的过去某年,月日时间状语.
He said , "I was born on October 20, 1989.
He said he was born on October 20, 1989.
直接引语为一般现在时,表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作.
He said, " I usually get up at 6
every morning."
He told me he usually gets up at 6
every morning.
直接引语中有when, since等引导的时间状语时,只改变引语中主句的时态.
"I have lived in this city since I came here," she told me.
→She told me that she had lived in that city since she went there.
引语中已经使用could,should, would,might以及had better ,ought to ,had to , used to过去形式时.
"You'd better come to the meeting today," said Peter.
→Peter said I had better go to the meeting that day.
3.变句型
直接引语是陈述句或感叹句,一
般变为由that引导的宾语从句.口语中that常被省略.但要注意:
a. 当从句中的连词(如if,when…)紧挨that时,that不省;
He said , "If I have enough money, I'll go and buy it."
He said that if he had enough money, he would go and buy it.
b. 当直接引语中两个(或以上)宾语从句并列时,只能省第一个that.
The boy said, " I don't know what to do and I'll turn to the teacher for help."
The boy said (that) he didn't know what to do and that he would turn to the teacher for help.
2) 直接引语是一般疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句常变为whether/if引导的(陈述句形式)宾语从句;
He asked, "Are you a new student here "
→ He asked me whether/if I was a new student there.
"You have already got well, haven't you " she asked.
→She asked whether he / I had already got well (or not).
直接引语是特殊疑问句,常变成同一疑问词引导的宾语从句.注意标点用句号.
4)直接引语是祈使句,间接引语通常改为下面句型:
tell (ask,order)sb. to do sth.
tell (ask,order)sb. not to do sth
4.变状语和动词
时间状语由"现在"改为"原来",地点状语(特别表示方向性的或由指示代词修饰的)应由"此"改"彼".
now → then , today →that day
yesterday→the day before
tomorrow→the next (following)day
here→ there , come→ go
这部分具体变化例子请大家多看书.
Direct speech and indirect speech.
1. John said, "I'm sure that she has come here."
John said that he was sure that she had gone there.
2. Peter said, "Jim, what are you going to do tomorrow "
Peter asked Jim what he was going to do the next day.
3. Henry said to Wilson, "Did you meet these people yesterday "
Henry asked Wilson whether he had met those people the day before.
4. Mother said, "Don't read this adventure story in class, please, Chuck."
Mother told Chuck not to read that adventure story in class.
5. The teacher said to the students, "The earth is round."
The teacher told the students that the earth is round.
请将下面的直接引语间接引语
1. "I saw a notebook on my desk a moment ago." she said.
2. "I will go to your farm tomorrow." he said to her.
3. He said, "Will you be free this afternoon "
4. "What do you want to do now " she asked Jim.
5. "Wait for me here for a moment, please," the girl said to her friend.
6. She said to Joe, "How are you feeling now "
7. Mary said to Tim, "My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now."
8. The teacher asked us, "Is there any trouble with your pronunciation "
9. "Don't open your books, please, boys and girls." the teacher said.
10. "Do sit down here by the fire and make yourself at home." Bob said to his guests.
11. My father asked me where I had been the day before.
12. The guard ordered the young man not to move.
13. He asked which two ones I liked best.
14. Mr Smith told us he had given the note to Tom the night before.
15. The boy asked the girl if it snowed in winter in that city.
16. The boss asked the girl to do the work again.
17. She asked the teacher if there had been any mistakes in her test paper the day before.
18. He asked us what we wanted to eat that day.
19. The doctor asked me how I was feeling then.
20. The old man told us not to forget the terrible old days.
21. Henry told Led not to stand there.
22. David asked Rose whether she had visited China before.
·上一篇：网校讲座311. communicate
1) 联络,通信;交换(看法)vi.
to communicate with sb. by…
Now we often communicate with each other by e-mail.
Deaf people ～ by sign language.
扩展记忆:
2)告知;传达(意见,感受) vt.
Generally speaking, teachers are able to communicate their ideas to their students clearly.
一般来说教师能把自己的意思向他们的学生表达清楚.
The government has communicated the information to the islanders.
communication n. 通信;联络;传送(消息,感情)
Communication with other countries is now getting easier. 与各国的通讯现在很容易.
digital communication
数字通信系统
one-way communication
单向通信
on-line communication
联机通讯
communications satellite
通信卫星
12. exchange vt. / n.
交换,互换
exchange with sb.
exchange sth. for sth.
May I exchange seats with you 我和你调一个座位好吗
He exchanged the apple for a cake.
他给我一个苹果,换一块蛋糕.
=He gave me an apple in exchange for a cake.
exchange dollars for francs
把美金换成法郎;
Let's have an exchange of views on the matter.
我们对这件事交换一下意见吧.
13. service n.
1) something done to help
Do you need the services of a doctor (诊治)
The parents thanked the nurse for her service to their sick child. (服务)
free medical service(care)
offer sb. one's services
2) [C] an organization that provides sth for the public or does a particular job 指服务机构,公用事业
There is a bus service between the two cities. (有公共汽车相通)
The job of a Fire Service is to put out fires.
the telephone service
the postal service
China Travel Service
扩展记忆:
3) 对……有帮助(可加不定冠词)
be of (some, much, little, no … ) service to sb.: be of use to ; be helpful / useful to sb.
Can I be of any service to you
I'm sorry I can't be of any further service to you.
随时)为(某人)服务
be at one's service
I am always ready at your service.
扩展记忆:
5) serve vt. / vi. (do useful work for sb.)
You should serve your country well.
We should serve the people heart and soul.
Is there anyone to serve you
First come, first served.
vt. (give people food, drink and etc.)
We serve all kinds of food to people here.
→We serve the people here with all kinds of food
vi. (be a soldier or worker in a government)
He has served in the army for three years.
→ He has been a soldier for three years.
→ He joined the army three years ago.
6) serve as…充当…(work as…)
He served in this company as a manager for five years.
The sofa serves as a bed.
14. command n.
命令; 支配,指挥;
under one's command
The army is under the king's command.
军队由国王直接统率.
运用能力;掌握
has a good command/ knowledge of
She has a good command of the French language. 她精通法语.
command vt. 命令, 指挥, 克制
command sb. to do sth.
→order sb. to do sth.
n. commander 指挥官
15. stand 台,架,看台
music stand
fruit stand,
a newspaper stand
an open stand
16. stay up
1) 不睡觉
We stayed up until midnight talking about our work.
I stayed up reading the whole night.
2) 挺住, 留着
This old house is very strong. It even stayed up after the earthquake.
Your notice can stay up for a week, but I'm afraid, it'll have to come down to make room for others.
17. come about 发生,产生
How did this dangerous situation come about
Can you explain how it came about that you were an hour late
扩展记忆:
What is happening there
What's going on there
18. independent
independence
1) dependent adj.
It's nice not to be dependent on them.
dependence n.
John wished to find a job so that he could end his dependence on his uncle.
扩展记忆
注意:
different difference
patient patience
confident confidence
important importance
incomplete
infamous illogical
immobile illegal
impossible irregular
impatient
2) depend vi.
depend on 依靠; 指靠; 得靠
Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.
Health depends on good food, fresh air and enough sleep.
The young man depends on his pen for a living.
(=He makes a living by writing.)
Whether he can go or not depends on his parents' wishes.
扩展记忆:
短语:
it all depends / that depends
这很难说, 这得看情况
Sometimes we are very busy and sometimes we are not. It all depends, you see.
19. end up 最后(有某种结局), 最后(成了)
If you go on driving like that, you'll end up in hospital (prison).
How does the story end (up)
His brother ended up (as) head of the firm.
end (up) with 以…结束
We started with soup, and ended (up) with fruit and tea.
The party ended up with the singing of a happy song.
He ended his letter with good wishes to the family.
在信尾他祝全家好.
All is well that ends well. (Proverb)
扩展记忆:
end in 以…告终, 结果, 以…结尾, 末端是
Their plan ended in failure.
The meeting ended in a fight.
end n.
Don't worry; there will be an end to your troubles one day.
come to an end
bring sth to an end结束
in the end 最后, 结果
make (both)ends meet 使收支相抵
put an end to sth 结束 (不好的事) , 制止
to the end 到底 (fight to the end)
endless adj.
endlessly adv.
20. bring in
1) 引进;吸收
Tomatoes were brought in from other countries many years ago.
Our basketball team brought in two famous players from Europe.
2)获利;赚
The boys bring in ￡60 a week.
The sale brought us in over $1000.
那笔买卖使我们赚了一千多美元.
扩展记忆:
3) 扯进来
Why bring my mother in She had nothing to do with this.
21. compare
1) 比较;对照
compare A with/to B
将一物与另一物比较
和…比起来
Compared with the model translation , yours is not so good.
Compare this with that and you will see which is better.
比较:Comparing this with that, we can see/I think which is better.
Compared to many women, she was indeed (really) very fortunate.
Compared with what I have already had, the new stamp was not interesting at all.
Comparing with what I have already had, I think the new stamp is not interesting at all.
It was a small place then , compared to what it is now.
2) 比作;比喻(显出相同之处)
compare … to …
把…比作…,说…像…
Man's life is often compared to a candle. 人生常被喻为蜡烛.
Scientists sometimes compare the human brain to a computer. 科学家有时将人脑比作电脑.
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
扩展记忆:
3) vi.(常与with连用) 与…比较;比得上; 能和…相比,和…比起来
Does his latest book compare with his first
How does your new house compare with your old one
can compare with/ can be compared with 能和…相比
Walking can't compare with flying. 走路比不上飞行.
Living in a town can't compare with living in the country in many ways.
在许多方面, 城市生活比不上在乡村生活.
22. replace 取代;代替
replace sb. as…
George replaced Edward as captain. 乔治接任爱德华当队长.
The new city, Brasilia, replaced Rio de Janeiro as the capital of Brazil in 1960.
巴西利亚这座新城市于1960年取代了里约热内卢成了巴西的首都 .
23. It is / was … that / who …
I saw John in the street yesterday.
A B C D
It's I who / that saw John in the street yesterday.
It's John that/ whom/who I saw in the street yesterday.
It's in the street that (不能用where) I saw John yesterday.
It's yesterday that (不能用when) I saw John in the street.
24. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of Englisjh.
With +宾语+其它
The man likes sleeping with the windows open/closed.
He went to sleep with lights on.
He lay on the ground with his eyes looking at the sky.
He left with his work half done.
25. have some difficulty/trouble in doing sth.
直接引语和间接引语
概念
技巧
1.变人称
口诀:一随主语二随宾,第三人称不更新.
一随主语 从句主语是第一人称或由第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称应按照主句中主语的人称变化.如:
He said, "I would go to see the film with you. "
→He said that he would go to see the film with me. →
She said, "My brother wants to go with me."
→She said her wanted to go with her.
二随宾语 从句中的主语以及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人称所修饰,从句中的人称要与引号外的主句宾语相一致.如:
He said to Kate, "How is your mother now "
→He asked Kate how her mother was then.
第三人称不更新 从句中的主语以及宾语是第三人称,或由第三人称修饰,从句中的人称一般不必作变化.如:
Our president said, "She is a good teacher."
→Our president said (that) she was a good teacher.
2.变时态
通常主句谓语动词为现在时态时,从句谓语动词不需改变.主句谓语动词为一般过去时,则从句中动词时态应变为相应的过去某种时态.
She said, "We hope so."
She said (that) they hoped so.
He said , " I have seen the film."
He said that he had seen the film.
但要注意以下的情况,时态不作变化:
直接引语是自然界客观存在的真理.
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth." The teacher told me.
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
直接引语中有具体的过去某年,月日时间状语.
He said , "I was born on October 20, 1989.
He said he was born on October 20, 1989.
直接引语为一般现在时,表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作.
He said, " I usually get up at 6
every morning."
He told me he usually gets up at 6
every morning.
直接引语中有when, since等引导的时间状语时,只改变引语中主句的时态.
"I have lived in this city since I came here," she told me.
→She told me that she had lived in that city since she went there.
引语中已经使用could,should, would,might以及had better ,ought to ,had to , used to过去形式时.
"You'd better come to the meeting today," said Peter.
→Peter said I had better go to the meeting that day.
3.变句型
直接引语是陈述句或感叹句,一
般变为由that引导的宾语从句.口语中that常被省略.但要注意:
a. 当从句中的连词(如if,when…)紧挨that时,that不省;
He said , "If I have enough money, I'll go and buy it."
He said that if he had enough money, he would go and buy it.
b. 当直接引语中两个(或以上)宾语从句并列时,只能省第一个that.
The boy said, " I don't know what to do and I'll turn to the teacher for help."
The boy said (that) he didn't know what to do and that he would turn to the teacher for help.
2) 直接引语是一般疑问句,选择疑问句和反意疑问句常变为whether/if引导的(陈述句形式)宾语从句;
He asked, "Are you a new student here "
→ He asked me whether/if I was a new student there.
"You have already got well, haven't you " she asked.
→She asked whether he / I had already got well (or not).
直接引语是特殊疑问句,常变成同一疑问词引导的宾语从句.注意标点用句号.
4)直接引语是祈使句,间接引语通常改为下面句型:
tell (ask,order)sb. to do sth.
tell (ask,order)sb. not to do sth
4.变状语和动词
时间状语由"现在"改为"原来",地点状语(特别表示方向性的或由指示代词修饰的)应由"此"改"彼".
now → then , today →that day
yesterday→the day before
tomorrow→the next (following)day
here→ there , come→ go
这部分具体变化例子请大家多看书.
Direct speech and indirect speech.
1. John said, "I'm sure that she has come here."
John said that he was sure that she had gone there.
2. Peter said, "Jim, what are you going to do tomorrow "
Peter asked Jim what he was going to do the next day.
3. Henry said to Wilson, "Did you meet these people yesterday "
Henry asked Wilson whether he had met those people the day before.
4. Mother said, "Don't read this adventure story in class, please, Chuck."
Mother told Chuck not to read that adventure story in class.
5. The teacher said to the students, "The earth is round."
The teacher told the students that the earth is round.
请将下面的直接引语间接引语
1. "I saw a notebook on my desk a moment ago." she said.
2. "I will go to your farm tomorrow." he said to her.
3. He said, "Will you be free this afternoon "
4. "What do you want to do now " she asked Jim.
5. "Wait for me here for a moment, please," the girl said to her friend.
6. She said to Joe, "How are you feeling now "
7. Mary said to Tim, "My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now."
8. The teacher asked us, "Is there any trouble with your pronunciation "
9. "Don't open your books, please, boys and girls." the teacher said.
10. "Do sit down here by the fire and make yourself at home." Bob said to his guests.
11. My father asked me where I had been the day before.
12. The guard ordered the young man not to move.
13. He asked which two ones I liked best.
14. Mr Smith told us he had given the note to Tom the night before.
15. The boy asked the girl if it snowed in winter in that city.
16. The boss asked the girl to do the work again.
17. She asked the teacher if there had been any mistakes in her test paper the day before.
18. He asked us what we wanted to eat that day.
19. The doctor asked me how I was feeling then.
20. The old man told us not to forget the terrible old days.
21. Henry told Led not to stand there.
22. David asked Rose whether she had visited China before.
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